Leaf-litter decomposition of 15 tree species in a lowland tropical rain forest in Sarawak: decomposition rates and initial litter chemistry

In a lowland tropical rain forest in Sarawak, leaf-litter decomposition and the initial litter chemistry of 15 tree species were studied. During 13 months of field experiment, weight loss of litter samples was between 44% and 91%, and calculated decomposition rate constants (k) ranged from 0.38 to 2.36 year⁻¹. The initial litter chemistry also varied widely (coefficients of variation: 19%–74%) and showed low N and P concentrations and high acid-insoluble residue (AIS) concentration. For nutrient-related litter chemistry, correlations with the decomposition rate were significant only for P concentration, C/P ratio, and AIS/P ratio (r _s = 0.59, −0.62, and −0.68, n = 15, P < 0.05, respectively). For organic constituents, correlations were significant for concentrations of AIS and total carbohydrates, and AIS/acid-soluble carbohydrate ratio (r _s = −0.81, 0.51, and −0.76, n = 15, P < 0.05, respectively). These results suggested that the relatively slow mean rate of decomposition (k = 1.10) was presumably due to the low litter quality (low P concentration and high AIS concentration), and that P might influence the decomposition rate; but organic constituents, especially the concentration of AIS, were more important components of initial litter chemistry than nutrient concentrations.     

Dynamics of phosphatase activities in a cork oak litter (Quercus suber L.) following sewage sludge application

As part of a study of the processes involved in litter biodegradation following sewage sludge (SS) addition, the variations over 14 months of phosphatase activities in a cork oak litter (Quercus suber L.) were investigated. A field experimental design was carried out using the litter-bag method on both a fertilized plot receiving SS applications (twice ) and a control plot. Acid (APH) and alkaline (BPH) phosphatases were measured, along with several biotic and abiotic variables potentially involved in the regulation of these enzymes. These included moisture, temperature, pH, water-extractable inorganic P (P_W), culturable heterotrophic bacteria and fungi. Sludge addition had significant effects on all the variables measured. Indeed, sludge increased significantly BPH activities, available P_W, microbial densities (i.e. bacteria and fungi) and pH in the fertilized plot. In contrast, APH activities decreased significantly following sludge addition. As a consequence, the BPH/APH ratio increased markedly and immediately in the fertilized plot, but only after the 1st amendment. Following the 1st preconditioning SS amendment, the 2nd fertilization had fewer effects on biological variables, because of summer dryness. The different properties examined varied significantly with incubation time, and most were significantly related to the seasonal patterns of litter moisture in this Mediterranean forest ecosystem. Hence, sewage sludge application modified the intensity of microbial responses to environmental factors, but biological patterns regulating P turn-over were maintained.     

西安市城市污泥和园林绿地废弃物制备有机肥研究

城市垃圾分类处理水平的高低是一个城市能否循环发展的民生大事,现阶段,我国城市污泥和园林绿地废弃物等有机垃圾制备有机肥技术仍不够完备。文章提出了三种有机垃圾混合处理方法和主要对比参数,提倡除技术处理和积极推广外,应政策性支持、支助城市有机垃圾就近利用和低成本、快速消纳转化技术,为城市生态健康、持久、平稳发展服务。     

川西北高寒沙化草地围栏禁牧时段和恢复过程的耦合机理研究

川西北沙化草地在围栏禁牧生态恢复过程中,土壤中有机质、全氮、水解性氮变化特征,研究对象为:未修复沙化草地、围栏禁牧生态恢复时间分别为5年、10年的沙化草地,研究其不同围栏禁牧时间沙化草地0~40 cm土层土壤中有机质、全氮、水解性氮的变化。其结果表明,随着围栏禁牧时间的增长,各土层土壤有机质、全氮含量均增加,植被盖度、高度均极显著提高,其中,增加幅度较大的是0~20 cm土层。围栏禁牧10年,沙化草地土壤有机质、全氮含量比未修复沙化草地分别增长34.05%、27.89%,均显著高于未修复沙化草地;各土层土壤水解性氮含量却呈现先减少后增加的特征,其中,0~20 cm土层,围栏禁牧5年沙化草地较未修复沙化草地水解性氮含量减少了23.80%,围栏禁牧10年沙化草地较围栏禁牧5年沙化草地水解性氮含量增加了24.19%;20~40 cm土层,围栏禁牧5年沙化草地较未修复沙化草地水解性氮含量减少了31.49%,围栏禁牧10年沙化草地较围栏禁牧5年沙化草地水解性氮含量增加了1.13%。     

设施蔬菜肥料施用现状调查分析及减施潜力估算

对赤峰市典型设施农业区20个种植户进行施肥情况调查。结果表明：赤峰市设施农业有机肥投入量偏高,化肥以基施为主。赤峰市设施蔬菜调查区氮、磷、钾养分总投入量平均分别达 2575、1266、2790 kg/hm _² ,土壤养分投入过大养分过量现象严重。每季黄瓜、番茄、辣椒 N∶P ₂ O ₅ ∶K ₂ O 平均为1:0.49:1.09,养分比例适中。施入土壤的养分总量远超过各自推荐施肥量,养分减施潜力较大。赤峰市设施蔬菜应大力推广测土配方施肥技术,实现资源节约型、环境友好型现代化高效农业。     

以油菜秸秆为主要原料的有机肥发酵工艺研究

采用堆肥工艺将农作物秸秆转化为有机肥还田是秸秆资源化利用的有效手段。本文以油菜秸秆为主要原料,通过添加腐熟菌剂及调节发酵原料组分,研究油菜秸秆腐熟发酵最佳工艺。结果表明:腐熟菌剂、碳氮比及氮源对油菜秸秆腐熟发酵影响显著,其中油菜秸秆添加腐熟菌剂和15%菜籽枯,发酵物料碳氮比为25∶1,堆肥效果较好,发芽率指数为73.5%。     

有机蔬菜种植中绿色防控技术的应用分析

时代在更新与发展的进程中,人们对自身生活质量也有了更高的要求;而近些年一系列饮食安全问题频发,因此,绿色食品发展理念逐渐深入人心。那么,要想生产出优质、绿色、健康的蔬菜,就需加强绿色蔬菜防控技术的应用,这可在一定程度上减少农作物本身的化学残留量,利用对蔬菜无害的防控技术,保障蔬菜的健康生长。基于此,本文认真分析了有机蔬菜种植过程中绿色防控技术的应用,希望为促进有机蔬菜产业的稳定发展提供参考性依据。     

3种■体内微量元素测定与比较

测定了3种■(白缘■Liobagrus marginatus、拟缘■Liobagrus marginatoides、黑尾■Liobagrus nigricauda)肝、肾、肌肉和尾鳍4种组织中铬、锰、铁、铜和锌的含量,并将其与鲫(Carassius auratus)、黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)进行了比较分析。结果显示:鱼体5种微量元素总量由高到低依次为:白缘■、黑尾■、拟缘■、鲫、黄颡鱼;肌肉中5种元素含量由高到低依次为拟缘、黄颡鱼、鲫、黑尾■、白缘■;白缘■对铬和锌的富集作用比较突出,在上述几种组织中肝脏的富集作用最强。     

有机铬对热应激蛋鸡血清生化指标的影响

目的,研究有机铬对热应激蛋鸡血清中某些生化指标的影响。方法,将处于热应激条件下的192只35周龄新罗曼褐壳蛋鸡随机分为6组,分别饲喂不添加铬的玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮和添加10、20、40及50mg/kg铬的试验饲粮49d结果:试验组中血糖、胆固醇、总蛋白、球蛋白平均含量均低于对照组,并且添加20mg/kg铬组的血糖、胆固醇、白蛋白含量与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05)。对于AKP活性,添加40mg/kg铬组与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05),其它各组间相比均为差异不显著(P>0.05)。对于尿酸含量,添加50mg/kg铬组与对照组相比为差异显著。结论:有机铬具有缓解热应激的作用。     

Effect of organic fertilizer on plankton primary productivity in fish ponds

The effect of cattle organic fertilizer on plankton primary production and related variables was tested in six Bulgarian fish ponds situated close to the town of Plovdiv in Bulgaria. At the beginning of the experiment (16th of May 2004, about 10 days after filling with water) a suppression of plankton metabolism was observed and after that the ponds treated with manure demonstrated significantly higher productivity than the controls, especially during the transition to the autumn season when the water column was more regularly mixed. The other measured variables (Secchi disk readings, plankton chlorophyll-a and respiration, assimilation number per unit chlorophyll-a) did not show significant differences between the treated and control ponds.